龙一 2006-5-13 21:51
北京老字号匾额欣赏【29张】
老字号有掌故
老北京的商家铺户对字号和题匾是相当重视的。往往在买卖正式开张之前，便开始琢磨起什么字号。其实，早年间许多做买卖的人并没有多少文化底子，但是这并不耽误他们起字号。因为那会儿的文人墨客跟一些买卖家保持着密切关系。开买卖的人自己不会起字号，可以向文人墨客去求个字号。比较典型的例子是大栅栏的内联升鞋店。创办这字号的店主赵廷肚里没多少墨水。鞋店开张前，为了起个好字号，他不惜重金，四处求人，最后选定了内联升。三字有讲儿：内指大内，也就是朝廷；联，与连谐音，体现这个字号与大内有关系；升，有步步高升、连升三级之意。这个字号历经140多年，保留至今，依然让人回味，现存的北京老字号几乎都有讲儿。
老北京的字号，除了有吉祥如意等文化内涵，还有直接以人的姓名做字号的，如“王致和”、“王麻子”、“馄饨侯”、“烤肉宛”等。此外，还有以地名和名胜古迹做字号的，如“丰泽园”、“玉华台”、“柳泉居”等。另外，也有顾客叫出来的字号，如“砂锅居”最早的字号叫“和顺居”，取和和顺顺之意，因为它用一口明代的大砂锅煮肉，肉味奇香，食客盈门，一来二去的北京人几乎都知道他这儿有个大砂锅，称其为“砂锅居”，后来店家索性把字号改成了“砂印薄?
如果追根溯源，老北京的字号本身大凡都有一番来历。比如“天福号”，相传这个字号是“捡”来的。韩隆年间，店主刘凤翔在旧货摊上见到一块旧牌匾，上面写着“天福号”三个颜体楷字，笔锋遒劲，刘氏开熟肉铺，正缺块匾，觉得这是“上天赐福”，便把它买回来，粉刷了一番挂出来，此匾引来一些文人墨客品评，字号慢慢叫了出去。“桂香村”的字号来历也颇有传奇。当年创办“稻香村”的安徽人汪荣清制做糕点所用桂花，由南方进货。有一天，汪氏发现桂花里有10枚金戒指，汪氏利用这笔意外之财，在1916年开了一家南味糕点分号，因为有意外拾金这个茬儿，分号开张的日子选在了中秋节，所以字号取名“桂香村”。当然，北京老字号的来历有许多“传说”成分。
京城的名匾
字号牌匾上的字也有讲究，通常商家铺户的匾额以饱满端庄的楷书为佳。一来，楷书容易辨认；二来饱满厚润的楷体字，象征着物阜年丰，财源茂盛之意。纵观京城老字号的牌匾多以楷书为主。那些笔走龙蛇的草书或干瘪枯瘦的字体不宜用于匾额。
北京老字号匾额多出自于寿石公、陆润庠、王之笔。王当过状元，写的牌匾最多，当时有“学唱无腔不是谭（鑫培），题匾无字不是”的说法。现代名人题匾较多的是郭沫若、赵朴初、董寿平、溥杰、启功。现在保存下来有名的老字号牌匾有：大栅栏“乐家老铺”为寿铠所书。“瑞蚨祥鸿记”茶叶店为吴春鸿所书。“稻香村南货店”为寿石公所书。琉璃厂的“荣宝斋”为陆润庠所书。“商务印书铺”为郑孝胥所书，“韵古斋”古玩铺为宝熙所书，“中华大药房”为冯公度所书，“亿兆百货店”为张伯英所书，“静文斋南纸店”为徐世昌所书。“步瀛斋”鞋店为毛昶熙所书。“西鹤年堂”的匾，相传是严嵩之子严世藩所书。“都一处”烧麦馆的虎头牌匾为乾隆所题。
北京的许多老字号牌匾，在“文革”时被砸，有的已失踪。能保留下来的实在是凤毛麟角，许多匾额是后来由名人题写的。
现存的老字号匾额由郭沫若题写的很多。在当代书法家中，郭老的字堪称翘楚。郭老题匾从没收过“润笔”。他为人比较随和，有时请他吃顿饭就能讨块“匾”。当然，郭老也看字号的名气大小，不是随便乱题。“都一处”的匾出自郭老之手。有一次，郭老和夫人到“都一处”品尝烧麦，跟经理栾寿山和几位职工聊起乾隆写的虎头匾的故事。栾经理抖了个机灵说，虎头匾只能挂在店里，我们店门口还缺块匾。说到这儿，他有意卡了壳。郭老明白了他的意思，爽快地说，我给你们写吧，不过，我可没皇上写得好。没过几天，郭老给栾经理打电话，让他来取字，“都一处”的匾就这么挂出去了。
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莫名纸船 2006-5-27 21:55
飞鸿堂是做什么的？@.@
表告诉我是宝芝林在北京的分店啊。。。。。